Hogs and Pigs - Suidae - The Animal Encyclopedia

Hogs and Pigs - Suidae - The Animal Encyclopedia Hogs and pigs (Suidae), also known as suids, are a group of mammals that includes domestic pigs, babirusas, pigs, warthogs, forest hogs, red river pigs, and bushpigs. There are sixteen species of hogs and pigs alive today. Hogs and pigs are stout, medium-sized mammals that have a stocky torso, an elongated  head,  short legs, and small pointed ears. Their eyes are often small and positioned high on the skull. Hogs and pigs have a distinct snout, the tip of which consists of a round cartilaginous disc (called nasal disc) with their nostrils on the end. The nasal disc is attached to muscles that enables pig to move their nose with precision as they sniff their way along the ground foraging for food. Hogs and pigs have an acute sense of smell and a well-developed sense of hearing. Hogs and pigs have four toes on each foot and are therefore classified among the even-toed hoofed mammals. Hogs and pigs walk on their middle two toes and their outside two toes are placed higher on their leg and do not come into contact with the ground when they walk. Hogs and pigs range in size from the pygmy hog (Porcula salvania)- a critically endangered pig that when full grown measures less than 12 inches tall and weighs less than 25 pounds- to the giant forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni)- a bulky suid that grows to more than 3.5 feet tall at the shoulder and weighs in at an impressive 350 pounds or more.  Adult female hogs and pigs and juveniles form groups known as sounders. Adult males either remain solitary or form small bachelor groups. Pigs are not usually territorial and exhibit aggression between individuals during the mating season. Hogs and pigs once inhabited a native range that extended across Europe, Asia, and Africa. Humans introduced domesticated pigs, derived from the species Sus scrofa, to areas throughout the world including North America, New Zealand, and New Guinea. Fossil hogs and pigs occur in the Oligocene in Europe and Asia and in the Miocene of Africa. Diet The diet of hogs and pigs varies among the different species. Many  hogs and pigs  are omnivores but some are herbivores. In general, the diet of  hogs and pigs  includes: Plant material such as grass, leaves, and rootsInvertebrates such as insects and wormsSmall vertebrates such as frogs and mice Classification Hogs and pigs are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Chordates Vertebrates Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals Even-toed hoofed mammals Hogs and pigs Hogs and pigs are divided into the following taxonomic groups: Babirusa (Babyrousa) - There are four species of babirusa alive today. Members of this group include the  golden babirusa,  Sulawesi babirusa, Togian babirusa, and  Bola Batu  babirusa. Babirusa  are noted for the long upper canine teeth that, in males, curve back over their face.Warthogs (Phacochoerus) - There are two species of warthogs alive today, the desert warthog and the common warthog. Warthogs inhabit the dry grasslands and scrublands of sub-Saharan Africa.Forest hogs (Hylochoerus) - There is one species of forest hog alive today, the giant forest hog,  Hylochoerus meinertzhageni. The giant forest hog is considered to be the largest wild member of the Suidae. The giant forest hog inhabits woodland habitats in central Africa.Bushpigs and red river hogs (Potamochoerus) - Only two living species belong to this group, the bushpig (Potamochoerus larvatus) and the red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus). Both species inhabit sub-Saharan Africa.Domestic and wild pigs (Sus) - There are six species of pigs alive today. Members of this group include domestic pigs and wild boar (Sus scrofa), Visayan warty pigs (Sus cebifrons), and Philippine warty pigs (Sus philippensis). References Hickman C, Roberts L, Keen S.  Animal Diversity. 6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2012. 479 p.Hickman C, Roberts L, Keen S, Larson A, lAnson H, Eisenhour D.  Integrated Principles of Zoology  14th ed. Boston MA: McGraw-Hill; 2006. 910 p.

Defending our Skies against the elderly essays

Defending our Skies against the elderly essays Defending our Skies against the elderly The article that I read is about airport security and the elderly. This article talks about a womans 78 year old father who was picked out of a line of travelers in Westchester airport in New York. He had to take off his jacket, oxygen finger cuff, and stand as an airport screener slowly scanned him with a wand. The 78 year old, who had trouble putting shoes on earlier, says his daughter, had to remove them too. As the wand passed his wrist it beeped, without asking the screener pushed up the mans sleeve to show the watch. Then as he scanned her father again the wand beeped going over his belt. Then once again without asking the screener flipped up the old mans shirt and yanked at his belt. I watched hopelessly as my father clenched his jaw as the last tug to his belt nearly made him loose his balance. The article also talks about a similar incident at The Dallas airport. The subject of The Dallas airports search was another old man. The screener there took away the old mans cane, made him remove his belt and shoes and then left him to sit there while the screener consulted how to scan the cane with a supervisor. This article agrees that we do need to screen airport passengers, but there probably is a better way. The article suggests that you should at least look in the passengers eyes. That people should be treated with respect. Isnt that the way of life were all fighting for? This article has many pros and cons. The pros about airport security are that it dose make flying safer. Screeners shouldnt take anyone for granite. Everyone should be treated equal. By scanning people, we may be able to prevent future attacks on America. The article has cons also. The article talks about picking people out of a line to scan. Thats bad because its not effective enough. If yo ...

How do we train volunteers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How do we train volunteers - Essay Example Much of the actual learning will occur on the job, as the individual works with more experienced members that will correspondingly show them how to carry out the tasks. Motivation is also a recognized concern, as the individuals are unpaid. In this way it will be the responsibility of administrators to continually remind the volunteers of how they appreciate the job they are doing. Volunteers generally involve themselves in such activities out of a desire to contribute and make a difference. It is then important to continually remind the volunteers that they are appreciated and are making a difference. Another important motivating factor will be to give the volunteers regular breaks and supply them with general amenities. The recognition is that if volunteers are required to work without breaks they will become discontent with the activities and their productivity will decline. Volunteers then will be regularly given things such as water and Gatorade. Additionally they will be given breaks where they can socialize with other volunteers and enjoy their experience together. Ultimately, these training and motivation steps will contribute to an active and productive volunteer

Clinical log Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Clinical log - Essay Example Easily perishable stuff such as milk is refrigerated. Every foodstuff is stored in its category for ease of distribution. The shelves in the facility are chronologically arranged with food types stacked in their respective categories.AFAC serves over 1600 families per week categorized as 3500 adults and 1500 children. Food donated is stored here and later redistributed to the intended recipients. AFAC target vulnerable society members like elderly people that live alone and cannot afford food. Jobless people, college students from poor backgrounds, sick people with no working family members also form part of those who benefit from it. The AFAC Young professional is a group of young people between the ages of 21-40 years who raise awareness and food drives to in aid of the facility. AFAC has a management team and a small full time staff. They heavily rely on members of the community who sign up as volunteers. The whole community with schools, firms and churches pitching in to lend their help supports the project. What doing my clinical analysis I interacted with most members of these interested groups, who, form part of the larger community. The management team is drawn from members of these interest groups with gender been a factor. Foodstuff is mostly donated in bulk mostly in big, heavy packaging’s to be redistributed in smaller portions. These bulky packages are moved around the warehouse by the small team of staff aided volunteers. Lack of proper lifting machinery and technology forces the staff and volunteers to manually do this work. This is a constant health risk to the staff and volunteers with potential injuries always lurking. Muscular aches and back pains are the most common complaints from staff and volunteers. Malnutrition especially amongst children is also a potential program since some vital foods are not on provided on regular basis especially fruits and vegetables, which have important

Economic Policy Essay Example for Free

Economic Policy Essay The essence of economic policy in the areas of urban housing, urban education, and urban transportation in the United States National Government is cored on the achievement of trade targets. Boosting its market efficiency and redistribution of supply and services grounded on public values are its primary interest (Feldstein, 1999). These economic policies make up a part of the body of agenda. These are of regulated policies prepared by the Federal Reserve System headed by the President of the United States of America and the legislative branch of government (Poole 1999). Body At the outset, economic policies are decisions. President Harry Truman was a decision maker of the land in his time (Mankiw, 1998). He mentioned of his need to find one-armed economist (Mankiw 1998). This is a manifestation that the concept of economic information is ambivalent (Mankiw, 1998). Decisions are taken initially based on individual principles of: trade offs in efficiency and equity, cost of something versus opportunity cost, marginal changes to a plan, and response of people to trade offs (Mankiw, 1998). Subsequently, societal interactions principles are considered based on: trade, markets, and governmental market policy (Mankiw, 1998). Finally, national economy is considered upon the principles of: production of goods and services, inflation, and tradeoff between inflation and unemployment (Mankiw, 1998). Three of the economic policies Of the United States of America National Government are in the areas of urban housing, urban education, and urban transportation. These are parts of the regulated competitive industries (Feldstein, 1999). The urban housing policy covers private and social benefits of homeownership (Haurin, 2003). Bush said, homeownership is the core American values of individuality, thrift, responsibility, and self-reliance (Haurin, 2003). It represents a pathway to pride and prosperity for many families, encourages values of responsibility and sacrifice, creates stability for neighborhoods and communities and generates economic growth that helps strengthen the entire nation (Haurin, 2003) Dietz and Haurin (2003) however showed that 25% more of spouses in owner-occupied households work or are employed. They also have to face up to inevitable tax revenues through mortgage deductions (Haurin, 2003). While the data presumes that the rest of the population in owner-occupied households does not work, this would mean, this group is above average income in the strata of society. The next issue then is to know why were governmental supports for homeownership projects in the scale of billions of dollars far exceeded expenditure on education (Haurin, 2003) when most homeowners have beyond workers financial capabilities. Were the determinants of families becoming homeowners covered by public policy (Haurin, 2003)? What economic public policy would justify lumping up of burdens on homeowners who are mere workers? What economic public policy would explain governmental support to boost the status of those who can afford a home? Would this public policy be in consistent with the targets of government as pronounced by the President? Enhancement of market efficiency is focused on: developing performances of industries by eliminating anticompetitive elements; providing consumer protection like making informed choices possible; and ensuring product cost would include externalities (Feldstein 1999). While redistribution of resources and services anchored on the policy of collecting higher taxes from those who earn more to provide for those who earn less (Feldstein 1999). These policies however are often influenced by international institutions like the International Monetary Fund or World Bank as well as political beliefs and the consequent policies of parties. Housing Policy for example is usually analyzed in economic industry, as a form of market. Market leads to efficient allocation through a complex process of matching supply and demand. This depends on competition, good information, the existence of multiple suppliers, and the existence of different multiple purchasers. At the beginnings of the 21st century the demographical changes in the United States shaped housing consumption (Masnick, 1990). This is marked though by the big problem in urban housing policy which became inadequate for the increased number of houses required to support increasing population (Masnick, 1990). The number of homeless people is constantly increasing annually (Masnick, 1990). Homelessness became a very complex problem (Masnick, 1990). This means, if there were not enough places for people to live, then there are really those who does not have any shelter of their own (Masnick, 1990). The housing market bloated beyond previous policy allocations (Masnick, 1990). As a consequence, those who were not originally included generally became the poorest constituents of society (Masnick, 1990). Subsequent to demographical changes is the alternative of the homeless to find shelter in temporary shanties on unoccupied lands (Dunleavy, 1981). This led to problems of land entitlements (Dunleavy, 1981). Squatters over time on squatted settlements built more stable houses (Dunleavy, 1981). Homelessness often led to development of individual characteristics such as alcoholism, psychiatric illness, unemployment, and marital breakdown (Dunleavy, 1981). The situation is further aggravated by the decrease in privately owned housing programs (Dunleavy, 1981). The local governmental systems then were obligated to absorb the market (Dunleavy, 1981). As it turned out, it is cheaper to buy houses than to rent (Dunleavy, 1989). Housing conditions in many cities which were particularly unsatisfactory being old and in poor condition were improved (Dunleavy, 1989). Looking back, series of policies since the late 1960s focused on the problems of deprivation in inner city areas (Dunleavy, 1989). Much of the concern was with the inner cities growth which was an attempt to produce an acceptable racial policy. Despite this, ethnic minorities have had no proportionate share of resources from policies for the inner cities (Dunleavy, 1989). However, local government economic policies today are more focused, and greatly in consistent with constant changes in the societal demographics regardless of ethnicity (Gabriel, 1990). Another consideration however must be made. This is because of: the limited availability of affordable rental units, mortgage finance, reduced housing and income assistance to very low income populations, problems of public housing, low income housing preservation, issues of equal opportunities in housing and housing finance market (Gabriel, 1990). Thus it could be said that housing trends are developed largely because of statistical increase in the number of people as well as their movements for relocation needs (Masnick, 1990). The individual household needs were then used as the foundation for the modification of housing policy. This is in addition to the different economic changes which were built-in, in the shifting demographic landscape (Masnick, 1990). In the area of education, improvements must be made in urban education policy (Hess, 2001). Urban districts are now facing hazardous problems in educating young people because of the lack of support from the local government (Hess, 2001). Many buildings in urban public schools are very old (Hess, 2001). Because of this, despite the big number of public schools in the United States, only one-fourth of the country’s students are attending the classes throughout districts (Hess, 2001). These are the main problems of the district official in the urban public area (Hess, 2001). They are unable to comply with the needs of their student population Hess, 2001). The rates of dropout students are also increasing (Hess, 2001). The urban education policy that would most likely fit implementation will be one that is site-based management throughout the district (Hess, 2001). This will allow officials and teachers at the school level to focus more on the specific needs of the students (Hess, 2001). Educational reform efforts and policy initiatives are now under way that shows commitment in improving the quality of education. It will include the proper raising of the student outcomes in the urban districts (Hess, 2001). A key issue though in urban education policy is the potential impact of market-based reforms (Hess, 2001). It will require more than the application of additional money in improving the quality of urban education (Hess, 2001). Allocations of school funds must be centered on the functions of instruction, administration, operations, and maintenance of almost the same statistical number of clients (Picus, 1996). Urban transportation policies must likewise be modified as societal demographics evolved (Norton, 1955-1970). Many states have still no urban freeways (Norton, 1955-1970). The ever increasing numbers of privately owned cars warrants improvement in policies (Norton, 1955-1970). Evolving Americans have to face up to transport problems in the cities (Norton, 1955-1970). The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 made a beginning at bringing highways to the city (Barranda, 2004). It set aside 25 percent of federal highway funds for urban projects and called for the designation of a National System of Interstate Highways† (Barranda, 2004). Although funding of these projects in the late 1940s and early 1950s was at more than two and a half times the prewar levels, total annual federal highway appropriations remained a half billion dollars or less (Barranda, 2004). The problem was that while government and industry both wanted highways, neither wanted to foot the bill (Barranda, 2004). Industry opposed excise taxes and tolls, while government opposed special bond issues and debt increases (Barranda, 2004). Divisions between pro-highway industries impeded their ability to lobby for an effective highway program (Barranda, 2004). However, eventually, the highway system that the government-industry partnership built was urban (Barranda, 2004). The unique degree of private participation in U. S. ransportation policymaking, and a federal policy treated all transportation problems as matters for highway engineers to solve (Barranda, 2004). In 1954, President Eisenhower suggested that metropolitan area congestion be solved by a grand plan for a properly articulated highway system (Larsen, 1995). In 1956, the House Committee on Public Works urged drastic steps, warning that otherwise traffic jams will soon bring down our growing economy (Larsen, 1995). The demise of the highways-only policy stemmed also from serious flaws in the policy itself (Larsen, 1995). At the end of World War II, the federal government began a significant intervention in urban transportation (Larsen, 1995). It was one which had increased to enormous proportions by 1960 (Larsen, 1995). But the funds were provided exclusively for the construction of urban highways (Larsen, 1995). Thus, urban transportation systems necessarily became imbalanced in favor of automotive transport (Larsen, 1995). Even the automotive transport systems were imbalance too (Larsen, 1995). Inequality was brought about by the ways in which federal dollars were allocated (Larsen, 1995). For example, while new freeways were providing automobiles unprecedented ease of access to cities, substantially, less federal allocations was provided for the downtown streets that had to bear the increased load (Larsen, 1995). No budgets were also allocated to provide the record numbers of cars for parking areas (Norton, 1955-1970). The US new urban transportation policy serves greater idea in resolving congestion problems in the cities (Barranda, 2004). Highway-Only Policy is one of those new integrated ideas (Barranda, 2004). Industry, not government, took the initiative in proposing that highways go downtown (Barranda, 2004). Eisenhowers coalition was composed of industries associated with the highway problem and interested in highway development, in the words of the Clay Committee report (Barranda, 2004). Although the Clay Committee conferred with the American Railway Association in drafting its report, this group was the only one of twenty-two trade organizations consulted which had an interest in rail transport (Barranda, 2004). Fourteen of the groups consulted were expressly concerned with roads (Barranda, 2004). But these industries were not simply developing a highway policy (Barranda, 2004). This is their foundation in creating a new national transportation policy (Barranda, 2004). However, many cities in the United States have recently built light-rail systems to combat congestion problems and at the same time avoid pollution (Barranda, 2004). To some critics oppose this policy is not fit because of the function in some small downtown areas (Barranda, 2004). The application of this light-rail however, after its almost universal domination in the 20th century is one of the greatest twists in transportation history. This application policy is an exclusive idea whose time appears to have come (Barranda, 2004). Local government now hopes that the light-rail will gain moderate transportation that will reduce the traffic problems around the country (Barranda, 2004). Fighting congestion was the main rationale for making American highways enter cities to a degree unmatched elsewhere in the world (Barranda, 2004). The consequences of the improved policies ultimately transformed U. S. urban transportation system (Barranda, 2004). Critics of the policy, in government, and outside of the government circles achieved broad bases of support by confronting this problem (Barranda, 2004). Expertise in urban transportation matters, which had been the exclusive domain of highway industry, emerged in other institutions, both governmental and private (Barranda, 2004). The road builders promises to end congestion, to keep downtowns vital visibly failed to pan out (Barranda, 2004). In brief, the vigor of the government-industry partnership that brought the freeways into the cities did not last, but is envisioned to trigger interest on alternative prospective partners (Barranda, 2004). Conclusion The basic portfolio principles of economics provides conceptual structures underlining maintenance of flexibility of economic policies whether it is in housing, education, or transport, or even in prices where speculators are left with the liberty to discern and give value to market stocks so long as it is within the economic parameters of the United States of American government, its Federal Reserve System, its legislature as well as its executive governmental administrators that works within the framework of Federal Democracy.

Humans vs. Nature: Greenpeace Essay -- Essays Papers

Humans vs. Nature: Greenpeace There are an incredible amount of problems facing the modern world. Sometimes the problems go unnoticed while other times they get addressed and fixed. That is what has been happening with pollution and other environmental concerns since 1971. In that year, the organization called Greenpeace was created. Since then the group has jumpstarted many incredible changes dealing with the world around us. Greenpeace has done a great amount of environmental work with the aim of making the world a cleaner, safer, and better place to live. Greenpeace began in 1971 when the United States announced that they were going to test nuclear weapons on Amchitka Island near Alaska. A small group of individuals were upset by this announcement and they felt that something needed to be done. They knew that the testing of nuclear weapons could have horrible effects on the environment, so the concerned individuals sailed across the North Pacific on a boating vessel to protest the testing. (1) Soon their voices were heard and other people supported their fight against the government. The protestors decided that they needed a slogan, so they decided on Greenpeace. Since 1971 this group of people turned into a huge organization and they have made a difference worldwide. The organization’s mission as stated on their website: Greenpeace is an independent campaigning organization that uses non-violent, creative confrontation to expose global environmental problems, and to force solutions that are essential to a green and peaceful future. (2) The key words in that statement are non-violent and creative. Throughout the years the organi... ...CQ Weekly, 29 Jan. 2000, 191. 16. David Gates, "Give ‘Peace’ a Chance," Newsweek, 25 Oct. 1999, 82. 17. Jon Pareles, "Forget Futuristic Dreams, Think Sweet Love and Peace," New York Times, 11 Nov. 1999, p.1. Bibliography: 1. Gates, David. "Give ‘Peace’ a Chance." Newsweek, 25 Oct. 1999, 82. 2. Giff, Johnson. "Put it in my Backyard." World Press Review, Feb. 1996, 35. 3. Greenpeace. Home page. "Inside Greenpace." Online. Internet. 29 Feb. 2000. http://www.greenpeaceusa.org 4. Pareles, Jon. "Forget Futuristic Dreams, Think Sweet Love and Peace." New York Times, 11 Nov. 1999, p.1. 5. Pope, Charles. "Congress Likely to take a Piecemeal Approach Again to Environmental Legislation." CQ Weekly, 29, Jan. 2000, 191. 6. Scaglietta, Raffaella. "Why Monitor Greenpeace?" World Press Review, July 1998, 20- 21.

Business Plan for a new soft drinks Essay

1.0 Company description 1.1 Brief History and Present State Eclipse Chill Drinks introduced itself in 2012 as a roadside juice selling endeavor in Dhanmondi, Dhaka. Initially we had two outlets with no any administrative office and all the administrative activities were conducted over the communication via phone and social media. Gradually, we expanded our business throughout the Dhaka City establishing as a private limited company and today we have 200 mobile retail outlets serving raw fruit juice and drinks, mainly sugarcane juice and lemon soda, to the mass pedestrians of the city. Eclipse Chill has also settled in a corporate office situated at 23/4, Dhanmondi 4/A, Dhaka-1215. We also have a small storage house, at Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, for keeping inventories and machineries. The company is now at the initial stage of transition with the plan to produce and sell canned beverages to the confectionary and super stores with the new name Eclipse Chill Beverage Ltd. Our conducted feasibility analysis reveals a huge demand for our current product at home or other convenient places with currently not reflecting due to lack of health and hygiene concerns of roadside food products. Our research and development group has come up with the country’s first canned sugarcane juice drink that is viable to create buzz in the market. We will set up a big manufacturing plant in Gazipur where beverages will be produced and packaged in a healthy environment following a computerized automated process by imported equipments. 1.2 Mission Mission Statement: Eclipse Chill Beverage Ltd. wants to see itself as the top trustworthy host of fruit juice based beverage drinks in the market. Our current growth in the raw fruit juice market already proves us reliable in providing quality tasty drinks to the mass. Now we want to ensure that our product is healthy, hygiene, and quite durable so that we can serve all kinds of people in the market of fruit or soft drinks both home and outside. Initially we will enter the market with the position of niche marketing and in a few years we will be able to capture the juice and soft drinks market and hopefully lead the market in 10 to 15 years. 1.3 Existing Organizational Structure The current Eclipse Chill Drinks has a very simple diamond-shaped organizational structure with operation and sales being its major functional area. Figure 1: Organizational structure of Eclipse Chill Drinks 2014 (Source: self) We also initiated an outsourced Research & Development team for product development purpose, which is overseen by our product development head Mehedi Hasan. 2.0 analysis of juice & soft drinks industry The beverage industry is an established industry that is still growing because of many different new products it brings in the market and also because of the substantial increase in buying power of people. Globalization is another factor that plays its role in the steady growth of the beverage industry. Because of its establishment, the competitors are able to hold a steady return while the overall industry return is always high because of the industry growth. The industry comprises of several genres of products such as juice, soft drinks, energy drinks etc. However, we will be competing in the fruit juice drinks genre with our beverages originating from natural fruits. 2.1 Competitor Analysis Since we will sell juice drinks products, out main competitor brands will be ACME, Pran Frooto, Frutika, Shezan, and Slice. However, these brands mainly sell orange or mango based juice products while our company will be selling unique products based on sugarcane, grape, lemon, water melon etc. based drinks. From that perspective, those brands are more like substitute products in the market for our company and our direct competitor in that sense is the Appy Fizz drinks. However, we will consider the previously mentioned brands as our direct competitors since they are the major players in the market and thus that makes more sense from the market viewpoint. The list of our major competitor companies are give below: i. Pran (Fruit juice and drink) ii. Akij Food and Beverage (Fruit juice) iii. Globe Soft Drinks and Beverage (Fruit juice and drink) iv. Abul Khair Consumer Goods (Fruit juice and drink) v. Partex Beverage (Fruit drink) vi. Hashem Foods (Fruit juice) vii. Transcom Beverage (Fruit juice) viii. Acme Agrovet & Beverages (Fruit juice) ix. Pepsico (Slice) Figure 2: Bangladesh fruit juice and drinks industry market share (Haque, n.d.) 2.2 Industry Attractiveness According to Porter (1980) there are five major competitive forces (Rivalry among firms, Threat of new entrants, Threat of substitutes, Bargaining power of suppliers, Bargaining power of buyers) in the market that determines the potential of an industry and its firms in terms of profitability since they significantly affect pricing. Following Porter’s competitive forces model analysis, we have found the following feedback for the industry. Table 1: Porter’s five competitive forces analysis (self) Our findings suggest that the industry we want to operate into is very lucrative and profitable as it mostly poses a moderate level of threat to overall industry profitability. 3.0 market analysis 3.1 Market Description We have more clear and specific information about the market and we are also aware of the customer demand and choices. The juice and soft drinks market always expect new quality products. Based on our Research and Development, we are determined to serve our customer needs and wants with a totally new taste of juice drinks like â€Å"Canned Sugarcane Drinks†. Our initial market consists of Dhaka city with a population of around 10 million and our target market include .80 million of that population. 3.2 SWOT Analysis We have identified some factors that define our strengths and weaknesses of our business that will affect the market and some opportunities and threats that the market presents to our business. 3.2.1 Strengths We have a talented and experienced management team that will lead us to success. We also have a very good relationship with our suppliers and other stakeholders. Our core input products are manufactured or found locally in the country so we can get them quickly and easily; also the price will be cheaper while the transportation cost will be minimized. We already have a reputation for providing good quality raw juice products. 3.2.2 Weaknesses We are entering the beverage industry as a new name so we will face a lot of competition and also our recognition will take time to get established. We will introduce ourselves with only one product. This less of product classification is not going to reach all of our target market. We also have challenges to maintain the product safety and quality since it is a food  product and any little mistake may lead to lawsuit problems. 3.2.3 Opportunities The beverage market expects new taste and flavor which we are going to bring. The industry is of high growth rate and it is still increasing with the increase in people’s income and need for quality life. Country’s infrastructure of communication, transportation, and media is improving that will make things easy for our business. The positive economic trend also helps our cause. 3.2.4 Threats There are already major rivals competing in the industry strongly. Moreover, there are available substitute products in the market which takes away the control of pricing a little from us. The political unrest in the country also poses threat to our business and the overall industry. As the product is new and innovative, the company has to consider some critical issues, which are as follows- The products sales growth will be slow and our company may face loss in the very first year of their operation. Thus the company has to hold the product’s position for first 12 month, which is admirable. As the product is new in the market, it will take too much time to stay in the heart of the consumer and the beginning consumers will be innovators. Thus attractive and effective marketing will be needed to attract, grow, and retain the customers. The marketing objectives will be to create product awareness and trial. The company must use heavy sales promotion to entice trial that is matter of investing huge amount of money. The products cost per customer will be high, as the product is lunching initially 4.0 marketing plan Our marketing objective is to initially attempt to introduce the product in the market and establish a brand image, and to achieve a sales target of 68, 9850 units per year. Initially it may take 2 to 3 years until we reach such level but that is the target we want to meet. 4.1 Market Segmentation and Target Market We will segment the market using several geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral variables. 4.1.1 Regional Regionally we will segment the market in rural, urban, and suburban parts. We select urban and suburban areas as our target market since rural people are not likely to get a product with a good price that comes from a product they produce in mass. 4.1.2 Age group There are people of different ages in our target market. It includes children, teenagers, young adults, and middle aged and elderly people. We select children, teenagers and young adults as our target market since they are the people that are fond of juice based soft drinks. Middle aged and elderly people are excluded because most of them suffer from diabetics and ours is a sugar based product. 4.1.3 Income level The income of people ranges from low, lower middle, middle, higher middle, and high income. We want to target from middle income level to high income level people because people with lower income than that will feel the product highly priced. 4.1.4 Social class There are lower class, lower middle class, middle class, upper middle class, upper lower class, upper class, upper upper class etc. in the society. We want to target people from middle class to upper class because the can product will suit their class. Upper upper class people generally do not like new local brands. 4.1.5 User status Users can be divided into categories based on their use of a new product. It consists of potential user, first-time user, regular user etc. We want to target the first two groups for now since regular user will not try our product until it becomes a trend. 4.2 Marketing Strategy The greatest objective is to establish our new brand in the industry. The marketing strategy will seek to first create customer awareness regarding the product and establishing connections with targeted markets and work toward building customer loyalty and referrals. The specific marketing strategies include: 4.2.1 Increase awareness and brand image Inform the consumers about our new product â€Å"Canned Sugarcane Drinks†. Through  advertisement, leaflets, events we can increase awareness of the product and establish image of our product. 4.2.2 Cross selling We can use our existing distributors to distribute our new product. We will also be able to cross sell our new product with our existing products. This will help us promoting our new product to the market. 4.2.3 Quality and cost leadership Our strategy is for being the quality and cost leader in the market. We will offer the best quality unique drink in the market which will make us differentiated quality leader in the market. We will also be reducing our cost through the use of local raw materials through existing suppliers, latest technology, and economies of scale. 4.2.4 Mass production and distribution We will also going for mass distribution of our product. We want to distribute our product each and every corner of the country. We hope to make our product available to all the customers within 2011. Consumers will get the drink where ever he or she goes. 4.3 Marketing Mix The marketer E. Jerome McCarthy proposed a four Ps classification in 1960, which has since been used by marketers throughout the world (Needham, 1996). It includes strategies in product itself, pricing, place or distribution, and promotion. Our planned marketing mix follows: 4.3.1 Product Our product will enable our customers to have a different experience to taste in juice based soft drinks. They will be able to differentiate our product in quality and test which are unique in the soft drink market. They will not be able to feel the same way for the other soft drinks in the market. Our first product is a canned sugarcane based drinks called the â€Å"Eclipse Sugarcane Pop†. It is a quality sugarcane based cold drinks beverage that includes many nutrition factors and comes with a 250ml attractive package. It is the first of its kind in the market. 4.3.2 Price The other juice drinks, soft drinks, and energy drinks products of same size  charge more than 25 taka while we are going to price our product at exactly Tk. 25 per 250ml can. It does carry its brand value along with a competitive price offer. 4.3.3 Place As mentioned earlier, we will be doing mass distribution through building a strong and coordinated distribution network. We will provide sales based incentive programs to motivate our distributors to sell more. Bottled soft drinks are distributed through different channels before reaching the consumer. A small proportion of goods go through distributors, who serve as middlemen, facilitating further distribution and warehousing. Up to 50% of soft drinks are purchased by the consumer in supermarkets and general retailers. Other retail outlets include fast food and drinking venues; convenience stores and gas stations; vending Machine operations; smaller outlets (such as drug stores, community centers); and exports. We can use either rail or road for transporting our products for distribution. But in case of By Road, we will maintain a contract with a specific petrol pump. We will receive the bill of petrol through fax, e-mail or SMS and the bill will be cleared by banks through â€Å"Electronic Data Interchange† (EDI). After receiving and checking the consignment we will store some quantity of juice in the Dhaka office and rest of the product will be sent to the warehouse. The Dhaka office will contact with the warehouse through mobile. Though we are not using any distributor the retailer will collect carrot from our Dhaka office. So, we can say that the Dhaka office will be our â€Å"Point of Selling† (POS). 4.3.4 Promotion As we are new in the industry, our major marketing strategy is to make extensive promotional campaigns in order to get recognized in the market. There are many media through which we can achieve that. We strongly prefer television, billboards, print and online social media to do our promotional activities. We can also visit school, college, universities and other crowded places to offer free samples of our product. 5.0 management team and new company structure The management team of a start up business typically consists of the founder or founders and a handful of key management personnel. It includes the founders, board of directors, board of advisors, managers, key personnel etc. A management team represents some of the most talented and experienced professionals in the industry. 5.1 Executive Officers Masrur Ahmed Roman, CEO and Co-Founder As chief executive officer of Eclipse Chill Beverage Ltd., Masrur Ahmed Roman is responsible for company’s top management decisions, generally reflecting in all business function areas. He co-founded the Eclipse Chill Drinks. He holds a Masters of Business Administration degree from IBA-JU and has an overall 10 years of industry experiences. Subrata Howlader, CFO and Co-Founder He is the chief financial officer of the company who will oversee the accounting and finance department. He will be responsible for the arrangement of funds, financial projections etc. He also co-founded the Eclipse Chill Drinks and also holds a MBA degree from IBA-JU. He worked as a senior finance officer in a reputed company for more than 5 years. Saiful Islam, Executive Director As executive director, he is responsible for the external matters of Company: building partnerships and broader business relationships, government outreach and technology thought leadership, as well as advising the CEO and senior leadership on business and policy issues. He has the experience of being the Assistant Managing Director of a reputed company for 10 years and also holds a masters degree from Dhaka University. Mahamud Hasan, Senior Vice President, Corporate Development and Chief Legal Officer He leads company global teams for legal, public policy, communications, corporate development/mergers and acquisitions, and product quality operations. He also serves as chairman of Company’s investment. Mahamud Hasan has a LLB degree and also got a masters degree from Dhaka University. 5.2 Board of Directors Masrur Ahmed Roman, Chairman of the board, CEO, Co-founder He has successfully led the Eclipse Chill Drinks since its origin and now will lead the board of directors of Eclipse Chill Beverage Ltd. Tushar Chanda, Co-founder He has been the head of sales and marketing department of Eclipse Chill, holds MBA degree from IBA-JU, and co-founded the company. Minhazul Abedin, Food and Beverage Expert He has got a masters degree in agricultural studies from Japan. He will provide the technical expertise and advice regarding the beverage products and its quality. 5.3 Board of Advisors Khondokar Mominul Haque, Co-founder He has been successfully managing the operations department of Eclipse Chill Drinks. He will now also serve as an advisor of the Eclipse Chill Beverage Ltd. Al Masud, Co-founder He has been the head of Human Resources department of Eclipse Chill Drinks, holds a MBA degree from IBA-JU, and co-founded the company. He is also a co-founder of the Eclipse Chill Beverage Ltd. Maruf Ahmed, Managing Director, Shahjalal Bank He will provide financial and capital related advice and help. Irine Sultana, Vice President, Agro Group She will provide product and market related advice. Mehedi Hasan, Co-founder He is overseeing the Research and Development team and will lead the product development besides being an advisor to the firm. 5.4 Other Professionals Other professionals include our attorney, who will provide legal advice and assistance, our accountant, who will record the financial activities and prepare financial reports, a management consultant, who will provide management consultancy, and a banker, who will help deal with bank transactions issues. 5.5 New Company Structure Figure 3: New Organizational Structure of Eclipse Chill Beverage Ltd. (self) 6.0 operations plan â€Å"Formally, an operation is the process through which resource inputs are converted into useful outputs (Viehland, 2005)†. It outlines how the business will be run and how your product or service will be produced and distributed. It is a useful way to illustrate how your business will be run  describing it in terms of â€Å"back stage† (unseen to the customer) and â€Å"front stage† (seen by the customer) activities. 6.1 General Approach to Operations It illustrates the back stage view and the front stage view of the operations. Our operations plan includes a manual for operations. The technical approach to the operations manual is illustrated below: Figure 4: Operations manual for Sugarcane drinks production (Seleghim, n.d., p.22) We already have a good relationship with the suppliers who provide us a large amount of raw sugarcane regularly. Our supplies mainly come from Rajshahi, Faridpur, and Kushtia districts. We have already obtained the required business license from the government and the Dhaka City Corporations. Additionally, we have acquired the permit from Health Ministry and Dhaka City Corporations. Our operating hours will be standard 8.5 hours of work including two breaks of 15 minutes each and a lunch break of 30 minutes. We will be extracting raw sugarcane juice and process it to produce a nutritious drink that will be canned for distribution, all in an automated process. The distribution network will be based on Dhaka. 6.2 Business Location Our manufacturing plant will be located in Gazipur. We have acquired a piece of 5acres of land on lease in Gazipur. It is not far from the highway and therefore the transportation for both raw materials and final products will be easier. It includes an artificial pond where our soft industrial wastes can be dumped. For heavy industrial wastes, we have contacted the Gazipur City Corporation for help and guidance. We have also acquired a permit from Gazipur City Corporation. 6.3 Facilities and Equipment We have contacted the a Chinese equipment manufacturer who is ready to make a deal to provide us with required quality machineries and agreed to keep a back up for major machineries in case of our emergency need. The manufacturing plant will have all the necessary safety and security measures and equipment. Our legal advisor is already working on creating a safety related guidelines and policy. The production process has got updated with a new technological advancement. We will be taking this chance and set up the  facility accordingly. 7.0 product design and development plan 7.1 Product Description Eclipse Chill Beverage Ltd. will sell a 250ml canned nutritious drink based on sugarcane juice that is enriched with Vitamin C. The product is called â€Å"Eclipse Sugarcane Pop† and it is totally a new product coming from the result of our outsourced R & D team effort. The juice is obtained by crushing peeled sugar cane in a mill. It can be a hand cranked machine, or powered. Then this raw juice will be sent to â€Å"sterilization machine† for sterilization, addition of nutritious elements, and packaging, all in an automated process. Table 2: Nutrition facts in Eclipse Sugarcane Pop (self) 7.2 Additional Ingredients Sugar, or other sweeteners such as high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), fruit and carbonated water (constituting on average 94% of a soft drink) are the main ingredients of our soft drinks and are used in varying quantities. Other minor ingredients added in very low concentrations include flavorings derived from fruit (such as orange used in Fanta); acids (most commonly citric acid); additives to enhance flavor; texture; aroma; appearance; emulsions (most commonly gums and pectin) to enhance appearance; and preservatives and antioxidants (BHA, ascorbic acid, or other naturally occurring additives) to maintain color and flavor. Sugar production in mills requires a significant amount of energy and water and is only economically viable in very large scale sugar mill operations. Citrus fruit is the most processed fruit for soft drink production. 7.3 Packaging There are three types of packaging associated with the industry: primary packaging, which is the soft drink container; secondary packaging, which is the packaging used to group together individual primary packaging; and tertiary packaging, which is used to group together secondary packaging. This is due to the raw materials, energy, water and waste involved in production/recycling and the impacts of disposal such as littering, landfill space and the pollutants produced when incinerated from waste to use as  energy. Primary packaging of Eclipse Sugarcane Pop includes teen can with appropriate cover design and labels. Secondary packaging includes hard paper box cartoons. Tertiary packaging includes hardboard boxes. 7.4 Product Development 7.4.1 Product desirability Bangladesh has a tropical monsoon-type climate, with a hot and rainy summer and a dry winter. It has warm temperatures throughout the year, with relatively little variation from month to month. January is the coolest month with temperatures averaging near 26 ºC and May the warmest with temperatures from 33 to 36  ºC. It is warm and humid. In general, the temperatures ranging from as low as 3 ºC during the night in the winter season to as high as 40 ºC in the summer season (Haque, n.d.). Bangladeshi people tend to be thirstier due to the warm temperature. So they prefer to take soft drinks and juices most of the time. At present people are used to drink sugarcane juice from local vendors. Vendors extract juice from sugarcane and present it to the customer in a glass. These vendors usually sit in open places and are not concerned about hygiene factors. So from the preparation to presentation of sugarcane juice an unhygienic approach is followed by the local vendors. Thirsty people are drinking the juice as no more sugarcane juice providers are in the market currently providing hygienic sugarcane juice. So desirability for hygienic sugarcane juice drinks is very high. 7.4.2 Product demand In Bangladesh, almost 9 months of a year is summer. So there is always existence of the demand for soft drinks, juice, energy drinks etc. Consumers of these are ready to buy 250 ml, 500 ml and 1liter packages. However, initially we are considering only the 250ml package until it creates enough demand for our product in the market. It has been found that 15 glasses (200 ml per glass) of sugarcane juice are being sold per summer hour. The highest sale of the traditional sugarcane juice available right now is 400 glasses in a 10-hour day that is 40 glasses per hour. The lowest sale is 80 glasses in a 10 hour day that is 8 glasses per hour. Normally the lowest sales days are the rainy days (Haque, n.d). 7.5 Manufacturing In this product manufacturing process (usually referred to as the bottling process) water purification takes place to ensure that the flavor and quality of the beverage are not affected by bacteria or unwanted substances. A series of water purification processes take place such as coagulation, flocculation, filtration and sterilization. Reverse osmosis is increasingly used as the main final treatment process. Dissolved sugar, juice and flavor concentrates are pumped into batch tanks where they are carefully mixed making syrup. Some syrup, such as the fruit-based syrups, is sterilized. The whole bottling process uses between 2 and 4 liters of water per liter of soft drink that is produced, and between 0.5 and 1.0 mega joules per liter of soft drink creates energy in human body. Additional information regarding the manufacturing process has been covered in the Operations Plan section. 8.0 financial projections The Eclipse Chill Beverage financial picture is quite promising. Eclipse Chill Beverage is operating a cash business; the initial cost is significantly less than many start-ups these days. The financial investment in its employees will be one of the greatest differentiators between Eclipse Chill Beverage Ltd and its competitors. The Eclipse Chill Beverage Ltd anticipates the initial combination of investments and long-term financing to carry it without the need for any additional equity or debt investment, beyond the purchase of equipment or facilities. The financial plan depends on important assumptions, most of which are shown in the following table. The key underlying assumptions are: 1. Sales Revenue: Yearly 689850 Unit @ 25tk per unit = 17246250 TK .Sales revenue will be increase as 2nd year-6%, 3rd year-10%, and 4th year-15% 2. Cost of goods sold: Our COGS are determining 50% of the sales price. In manufacture overhead we include two things direct labor & direct material. Direct labor = 768000 TK (Yearly), Direct material= 7281750 taka Yearly & Factory overhead cost yearly is =472000. So, Total cost of goods sold = (768000+7281750+472000) =8521750 & Ending inventory for the 1st year is =1040250 tk. 3. Advertising expense: Here include TV, Radio, Newspaper, Internet, Leaflets, Visiting card Allover advertising cost is =358000(yearly).But this will be increase at the @5% from the 2nd to 5th year 4. Salaries: our total worker salary is =1152000Tk.It will also increase if profit is increase. 5. Insurance: Total about is 15000000Tk and for this our insurance is 8000000Tk for the 10 years =8000000/10 =800000(yearly) 6. Deprecation: Our depreciation is 20% of the total equipment cost. Our total equipment cost AC cost=40000*6 =240000, Purchase fun= 1200*6= 24000, Computer cost= 30000*6 = 1800000, Purchase cover van=1000000*2 =2000000. Total cost =2444000. 20% of the total cost =2444000*20% =485000/10 =48500(Yearly) 7. Loan Payment: We take 6000000Tk loan from the bank with the interest of 14% for 10 Year: 60000000*14%=84000.So ,Principle+ Interest=600000+8400=684000 (Per year) 8. Utilities bill: Utilities bill includes Gas, Electricity, and Water. In this Gas and Water bill is fixed and Electricity bill is not fixed.

Unit 206 Business Admin

Learner statement unit 206 Outcome 1 Enterprise rent a car (ERAC) operates within the automotive and retail industries. Our mission is to fulfil the automotive and commercial truck rental, leasing, car sales and related needs of our customers and, in doing so, exceed their expectations for service, quality and value. We will strive to earn our customers' long-term loyalty by working to deliver more than promised, being honest and fair and â€Å"going the extra mile† to provide exceptional personalized service that creates a pleasing business experience.We must motivate our employees to provide exceptional service to our customers by supporting their development, providing opportunities for personal growth and fairly compensating them for their successes and achievements. We believe it is critical to our success to promote managers from within who will serve as examples of success for others to follow.Although it is our goal to be the best and not necessarily the biggest or the most profitable, our success at satisfying customers and motivating employees will bring growth and long-term profitability. Within the automotive and rental sector, ERAC offers high service levels and reliability and offers certain perks that other companies do not such as â€Å"we will pick you up† Reviewing damage claims and assigning collection strategiesNegotiating with individuals, insurance companies, corporate customers and credit card companies  Ã‚   Maintaining accounts of collections  and incoming payments on claim files Producing professional written communication including tasks such as writing, editing and proofreading correspondence and brief reports   Interpreting loss data in conjunction with debtor feedback in order to establish settlement needs  and parameters Interpreting loss data in conjunction with debtor feedback in order to establish if claim is valid and/or if the claim needs to be closed Determining what claims must be worked in order to ob tain payment Interpreting recovery efforts to determine if a claim must be referred to a third party vendor for additional collection efforts. The role is essential to the organisation as all vehicles are â€Å"self-insured† so all losses come straight from the company for any damages. If I was unsure of any policy or procedure relating to my role, I would initially consult he policy on the intranet. I would then query with my coordinator, supervisor or manager and if needs be, HR department. Outcome 2 ; 3 People working together to achieve common goals needs proper coordination so that the assigned or delegated tasks are done smoothly and effectively.In an organization, there has to be leaders as well as the supervisors and those who implement the plans – the people founding the main work force or employees who needs to realize their own tasks and assignments so that they can perform accordingly. By working together you can achieve positive results because you work to gether to achieve a common goal quickly and effectively. By explaining and agreeing to work goals you emphasise how important the work is and also how important he individual’s role is. This also ensures everyone is working off the same timescale and the same standard. Team members can support each other by helping with workloads, emails and administrative duties. You can support other teams by encouraging them and appreciating their efforts. They can also share tasks, e. g. incoming phone calls.The purpose of agreeing quality measures within a team ensures everyone is working on the same time scale and to the same quality level, this means that work is consistent and creates a happier work environment as well as more professional image. All information should be communicated between the other people in the team as again this ensures everyone has the same knowledge base and feel happier with the tasks they have been set and why. The communication can take place verbally, face to face or in team meetings, via email or via memo’s. Outcome 4 By recognising the strengths in others you can pool abilities within the team so as to finish work to a high standard quickly and effectively. If one person excels at a certain task, they will complete it correctly and quickly and freeing up other team members to work on different objectives for the team.Diversity within a team offers different levels of expertise and viewpoints. Having diversity allows tasks and problems to be approached from many different angles. A project carried out by a divers team will raise clarity and levels of arguments to ensure that all ideas are thoroughly considered. By respecting your individual team mates you create a better working environment which is conductive to happier employees who work more efficiently. Outcome 5 The types of problems and disagreements that may occur within a team include * Dishonesty * Difference of opinion * Disagreement over workloads * Incompetence * Disagreements over personal issues such as annual leave, workloads, lunches etc. Disagreements over the way to work effectively The best way to resolve problems or disagreements is to compromise and be as flexible as possible. Problems can be resolved by the management assigning roles for different members or sitting down with employees and talking the issues out. If this fails then grievance procedures should be followed. Outcome 6 Constructive feedback helps organisations improve and help employees work more efficiently. By giving constructive feedback you can help ensure that you are making work processes more effective and positive. When receiving feedback you can recognise any mistakes that you may not have spotted.Feedback enables you to reflect on your work as an individual and as a team as if delivered constructively will improve morale and productivity. Getting feedback is a suitable way to receive information that will help make a workplace more efficient. It helps individ uals realise how members of your team and possibly other departments like or don’t like about how you work, this will allow you to either continue in the same fashion, confident that you are doing a satisfactory job or make adjustments to hopefully improve your performance. Likewise feedback to a team will show where they could improve and by discussing the issues this will enable the team as a whole to implement new ideas and working methods to improve effectiveness and productivity.

Free Middle School Science Fair Projects

Free Middle School Science Fair Projects Its hard enough to come up with a middle school science fair project, but its even more challenging to find one that wont cost you any money. Heres a selection of ideas for middle school science fair projects that use materials you likely already have on hand or else allows you to collect data from free sources. For a middle school project, try to propose a hypothesis and design an experiment to test it. Choose a project you can do fairly quickly so that you will have time to work on the report or poster. Do you have a pet? Devise an experiment to determine whether it can see in color or is right/left pawed, etc. If you have multiple pets, see if their handedness is related to gender (male or female).  Do any household chemicals repel (or attract) insects?What ratio of vinegar to baking soda produces the best chemical volcano eruption?What type of plastic wrap prevents evaporation the best? Is plastic wrap more effective than aluminum foil?What plastic wrap prevents oxidation the best?What percentage of an orange is water?Are night insects attracted to lamps because of heat or light?Do white candles burn at a different rate than colored candles?Does the presence of detergent in water affect plant growth?Can a saturated solution of sodium chloride still dissolve Epsom salts? Can it still dissolve sugar?Does magnetism affect the growth of plants?How does the shape of an ice cube affect how quickly it melts? What effect does size have?Do different brands of popcorn leave different amou nts of unpopped kernels? Can you determine how long it takes people to fall asleep? What factors affect how quickly they fall asleep?How do differences in surfaces affect the adhesion of tape?If you shake up different kinds or brands of soft drinks (e.g., carbonated), will they all spew the same amount?Are all potato chips equally greasy? How about chips made from other vegetables (e.g., beets, sweet potatoes)?Do the same types of mold grow on all types of bread? Does the same mold grow on bread as on tortillas?Does light effect the rate at which foods spoil?Can you use a household water filter to remove flavor or color from other liquids?Does the power of a microwave affect how well it makes popcorn?Compare labels on foods. Is the nutritional content of different brands of a vegetable the same?How permanent are permanent markers? What solvents (e.g., water, alcohol, vinegar, detergent solution) will remove the ink? Do different brands/types of markers produce the same results?Is laundry detergent as effecti ve if you use less than the recommended amount? More? Do all hairsprays hold equally well? Equally long? Does type of hair affect the results?What effect do additives have on the crystals? You could add food coloring, flavorings, etc.What steps can you take to maximize crystal size? You can affect vibration, humidity, temperature, rate of evaporation, purity of your growth medium, and time allowed for crystal growth.How do different factors affect seed germination?Is a seed affected by its size? Do different size seeds have different germination rates or percentages? Does seed size affect the growth rate or final size of a plant?How does cold storage affect the germination of seeds?What conditions affect the ripening of fruit?How are different soils affected by erosion? You can make your own wind or water and evaluate the effects on soil. If you have access to a very cold freezer, you can look at the effects of freeze and thaw cycles.How does the pH of soil relate to the pH of the water around the soil?How effective are natural pest det errents?

after the fall essays

after the fall essays Arthur Miller has written many great plays in his life, such as A View from the Bridge ,Death of a Salesman ,The Misfits, The Crucible, and After the Fall. Out of all his plays it is said that After the Fall is the darkest plays he has written. I believe that this is a true statement, and that the reasons this is his darkest play is because it deals with his inner feelings on thing that he had to deal with in his life. The certain aspects that he touched in this play are his marriage with Marilyn Monroe , who was a great actress in her time. Marilyn is portrayed though the character Maggie who is a very innocent girl who, like Marilyn, was looked at mainly as a sex symbol. After the Fall also deals with Millers brush with authorities over communism in the 50s. To describe this concept Miller describes himself as a lawyer who is defending an old friend who is being threaded as being a communist or portraying communistic ideas in Though out the play the main character, Quentin deals with his relationships with women. Two of the women who play very important roles are his wife Louise, and his mother ,Rose. Lousie tries to break out of the traditional idea that the wife is there to just cook, clean, take care of both the children and the husband, and be what is portrayed to me as a robot, where she does not have any thoughts of her own. Rose is what every Jewish mother is described as. She is seen as a strong woman, has a lot of say in what is going on, seems to have an icy touch when dealing with certain people, but is always trying to look on the good side of things. His mother is the ideal woman who Quentin holds every other woman in his life up to. The back round of most of the play is set in the early 1950 during the McCarthy trials. By 1950 the senate was in an era of anti-Communist hysteria. Senator Joseph ...

Catholic Church and the Death Penalty Term Paper

Catholic Church and the Death Penalty - Term Paper Example he issue of death penalty or the so-called â€Å"capital punishment† (from the Latin word ‘capitalis’ to describe â€Å"that which related to life, by which life is endangered†) [1] and how it has changed over time. Capital punishment has already been practiced since the ancient times. In Genesis 9.5-6, we find: â€Å"If anyone takes human life, he will be punished. Human beings were made like God, so whoever murders one of them will be killed by someone else.† [2] This was the very first formal declaration of the penalty of death ever recorded in the Judeo-Christian history. When the Israelites journeyed from Egypt to the Sinaitic Peninsula, the Lord gave them a code of legislation (mostly found in Exodus 21) (Ibid.) which prescribed death as the penalty for some acts: murder (Ex. 21.12); willful assault upon the parents of an offender (Ex. 21.15); kidnapping (Ex. 21.16); cursing someone’s parents (Ex. 21.17), etc. The Bible has mentioned several accounts where death has been a crucial part of legislation in the ancient times. But it has some exceptions in as much as it is strictly imposed: â€Å"But if it was an accident and he did not mean to kill him, he can escape to a place which I will choose for you and there he will be safe.† (Ex. 21.13) Thinking that death penalty is intrinsically evil, most people probably do not realize that it is legal and therefore say that it is â€Å"not approved† by the Church. On the contrary, the Church has a long history of approving it. In his City of God (Book 1, Ch. 21), St. Augustine of Hippo deems the imposition of death penalty as â€Å"not contrary† to the commandment â€Å"Thou shall not kill† and signifies approval of death penalty based on certain exceptions [3]. By this statement, St. Augustine mentions about God’s â€Å"explicit commission to an individual for a limited time,† (Ibid.) thereby exempting the individual from the killing â€Å"since the agent of authority is but a sword in the hand and is not

To what ExtenT do 'Reverse Burdens' Whittle down the Rule in Essay

To what ExtenT do 'Reverse Burdens' Whittle down the Rule in Woolmington v DPP - Essay Example This paper demonstrates how reverse burdens have whittled down the presumption of innocence and how reverse burdens are justified in appropriate cases. I. The Presumption of Innocence All persons accused of a criminal offence are presumed innocent. The presumption of innocence is codified by Article 6(2) of the ECHR. Article 6(2) which is prefaced by a right to fair trial within a reasonable time,4 provides for the presumption of innocence until guild is proven â€Å"according to law†.5By virtue of the Human Rights Act 1998, the ECHR is a part of the British law and all national statutes must be read and interpreted in such a way as to be compatible with the ECHR.6 The presumption of innocence means that the prosecution must prove the essential elements of the alleged offence. As Blackstone’s Criminal Practice notes: The phrase ‘the presumption of innocence’ is often used as a convenient abbreviation of the common-law rule that, generally speaking, the pros ecution bears the burden of proving all the elements in the offence necessary to establish guilt.7 Specifically, the prosecution must prove that the defendant committed the act constituting the offense (actus reus) and had the â€Å"requisite state of mind† (mens rea).8 The common law rule was stated by Lord Sankey in Woolmington v DPP. In the case, the defendant was convicted of murdering his wife as a result of shooting. The defendant argued that the gun was discharged accidentally. The trial judge ruled that the defendant bore the burden of proving that he lacked the necessary mens rea. Upon appeal, the House of Lords, allowing the appeal ruled that in criminal trials, the common law rule was that the burden of proof showing guilt beyond a reasonable doubt resided with the prosecution.9 Therefore the presumption of innocence is not lost until such time as the prosecution discharges the burden of proof beyond a reasonable. This is a primary requisite for a fair trial pursua nt to Article 6 of the ECHR.10 It was held in McIntosh v Lord Advocate11 that a difficult paradox is created by the presumption of innocence and the public’s interest in ensuring that the guilty are convicte